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Where Does Most PFAS Exposure Come From?
Workers involved in making or processing PFAS and PFAS-containing materials are the most likely to be exposed to toxic chemicals. Workers may be exposed to PFAS by inhaling them, getting them on their skin, and swallowing them. Studies have found that inhaling PFAS is the most likely route for exposure.
People from the general population are exposed to PFAS in many ways; however, the most common (and dangerous) route of exposure is via contaminated drinking water. Detected in drinking water and drinking water sources across the U.S., the chemical properties of PFAS make them difficult to treat and remove using conventional water treatment processes.
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Where are the Highest Concentrations of PFAS Found?
According to the Red Cross, nearly all Americans have had some exposure to PFAS (with 6.5 million Americans experiencing adverse effects). PFOA/PFOS have been identified in at least 194 U.S. water suppliers across 33 states. Contamination levels are the highest in the mid-Ohio River Valley, with 44 tons released into the air and the Ohio River, and in Michigan. The blood of the average American has 4,300 parts per trillion, or ppt, of PFOS and 1,100 ppt of PFOA, the Red Cross found.
Where Does Water PFAS Come From?
PFAS enter the environment at sites where they are produced, used, disposed of, or spilled. PFAS “forever chemicals” are mobile and easily transported through rainwater run-off, where they enter surface water (lakes, ponds, etc.) or seep through the soil and migrate into groundwater (underground sources of drinking water).
Can You Absorb PFAS Through the Skin?
PFAS may be absorbed through the skin, as seen in animal studies. However, researchers believe the highest levels of exposure to PFAS may come from swallowing the substances, often because of contaminated drinking water.
Which Fast Food Restaurants Use PFAS?
At least 8 popular fast food restaurants, including those that tout a healthier menu — Chick-fil-A, Arby’s, Burger King, McDonald’s, Nathan’s Famous, Taco Bell, Sweetgreen, and Cava — had at least one type of packaging that contained PFAS, according to a study by Consumer Reports [1]. The study also found packaging that contained PFAS at grocery stores that promote healthier products, including Trader Joe’s.
FAQs
Can PFAS contamination occur from agricultural practices?
Yes, PFAS contamination can occur from agricultural practices if biosolids containing PFAS are used as fertilizer. These chemicals can leach into the soil and groundwater, contaminating crops and water supplies.
How do PFAS chemicals spread in the environment?
PFAS chemicals spread in the environment through air emissions, water discharge, and soil contamination. They can travel long distances via atmospheric transport, surface water, and groundwater flow, leading to contamination far from the original source.
Are military bases common sources of PFAS contamination?
Yes, military bases are common sources of PFAS contamination due to the extensive use of firefighting foams containing PFAS. These foams are used in training exercises and emergency responses, leading to significant environmental contamination over time.
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